Glossary

Academy School 

Academies are independently managed, all ability schools which operate outside the control of the Local Education Authority (for the purposes of the JSNA this is Lincolnshire County Council). 

Acquired 

A condition that is acquired, not present at birth. 

Action on Smoking and Health – ASH 

A campaigning public health charity that works to eliminate the harm caused by tobacco. 

Active Lives Surveys 

The Active Lives Surveys measure the physical activity levels of people across England 

Acute Care 

Acute services include all promotive, preventive, curative, rehabilitative or palliative actions, whether oriented towards individuals or populations, whose primary purpose is to improve health and whose effectiveness largely depends on time-sensitive and, frequently, rapid intervention. 

Angina 

Angina is a chest pain that occurs when the blood supply to the muscles of the heart is restricted. This usually happens because the arteries supplying the heart become hardened and narrowed. The pain is usually triggered by physical activity or stress and typically only lasts for a few minutes. 

Atrial Fibrillation – AF 

AF is a heart condition that causes an irregular and often abnormally fast heart rate. Symptoms include dizziness, shortness of breath and tiredness along with noticeable heart palpitations. AF occurs when abnormal electrical impulses suddenly start firing in the atria. These impulses override the heart’s natural pacemaker which can no longer control the rhythm of the heart. It is the most common heart rhythm disturbance, is more common with advanced age and often co-exists with high blood pressure, atherosclerosis (blocked arteries) or heart valve problems. People with AF are more at risk of Strokes and Cardiovascular Disease. 

Attention Deficiency Hyperactivity Disorder – ADHD 

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a group of behavioural symptoms that include inattentiveness, hyperactivity and impulsiveness. Symptoms of ADHD tend to be noticed at an early age and may become more noticeable when a child’s circumstances change, such as when they start school. Most cases are diagnosed when children are 6 to 12 years old. The symptoms of ADHD usually improve with age, but many adults who are diagnosed with the condition at a young age continue to experience problems. People with ADHD may also have additional problems, such as sleep and anxiety disorders. 

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin – BCG 

A vaccine prepared from a living attenuated strain of tubercle bacilli and used to vaccinate human beings against tuberculosis. 

Bariatric Surgery 

A generic term for any operation performed on the gastrointestinal tract, including gastric banding, gastric bypass, stomach stapling, stomach shortening (sleeve gastrectomy) or biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch, which is used to help morbidly obese patients lose weight. 

Behaviour Change 

Actions to bring about behaviour change may be delivered at individual, household, community or population levels using a variety of means or techniques. Evidence shows that changing people’s health-related behaviour can have a major impact on some of the largest causes of mortality and morbidity. 

Binge Drinking 

The NHS defines binge drinking as “drinking lots of alcohol in a short space of time or drinking to get drunk”. 

Bipolar Disorder 

Formerly known as manic depression, Bipolar Disorder is a condition that affects moods which can swing from one extreme to another. People with bipolar disorder have periods or episodes of depression where they feel very low and lethargic or periods of mania where they feel high and overactive (less severe mania is known as hypomania). An extreme episode of bipolar disorder can last for several weeks, and some may not experience a ‘normal’ mood very often.  

Centre for Excellence and Outcomes (C4EO) 

C4EO is a best practice hub for ‘what works’ in children’s services and specialises in areas including adoption, children in care, early intervention, safeguarding, SEN, SEND and early years. 

Cancer Diagnosis Stages 

Staging is a way of describing the size of cancer and how far it has grown. Most types of cancer have 4 stages: 

• Stage 1: usually means the cancer is relatively small and contained within the organ it started in. 

• Stage 2: usually the cancer has not started to spread from the organ, but the tumour is larger than stage 1. In some forms of cancer this can also indicate the cancer cells have spread to the lymph nodes close to the tumour. 
• Stage 3: The cancer is larger, may have spread to surrounding tissues and there are cancer cells in the lymph nodes in the area. 
• Stage 4: the cancer has spread from where it started into surrounding tissues to another body organ. This is also called secondary or metastatic cancer. 

Cancer Research UK – CRUK 

CRUK is a leading cancer research and cancer awareness charity. 

Cardiovascular Disease – CVD 

CVD generally refers to conditions that involve narrowed or blocked blood vessels that can lead to a heart attack, chest pain (angina) or stroke. Other heart conditions, such as those that affect the heart’s muscle, valves or rhythm, are also considered forms of heart disease. 

Carer’s Allowance 

Carer’s allowance is a specific sum for an individual who cares for someone a minimum of 35 hours per week and the person they care for is in receipt of certain benefits. The person cared for does not have to be living with their carer and does not have to be related. If an individual cares for more than one person there is no extra payment. This allowance may be taxable. 

Centre for the Analysis of Youth Transitions – CAYT 

CAYT was set up to provide robust evidence on the transition experiences of children and young people, and to help inform key government policies in education and training. 

Cerebral Palsy 

Cerebral Palsy is the name for a group of lifelong conditions that affect movement and co-ordination, caused by a problem with the brain that occurs before, during or soon after birth. Severity of symptoms can vary significantly. 

Cerebrovascular Disease 

This refers to a group of conditions that can lead to a cerebrovascular event such as a stroke, aneurysm or transient ischemic attack. These events affect the blood vessels and blood supply to the brain. If a blockage, malformation, or haemorrhage prevents the brain cells from getting enough oxygen, brain damage can result. 

Cervical 

In the context of the JSNA this refers to a cancer of the narrow neck-like passage forming the lower end of the uterus. 

Chief Medical Officer – CMO 

The Chief Medical Officer (CMO) acts as the UK government’s principal medical adviser and the professional head of all directors of public health in local government. 

Child And Adolescent Mental Health Services – CAMHS 

CAMHS are specialist NHS services. They offer assessment and treatment when children and young people have emotional, behavioural or mental health difficulties. 

Child In Need 

Children in need are defined in law as children who are aged under 18 and: 

• Need local authority services to achieve or maintain a reasonable standard of health or development. 
• Need local authority services to prevent significant or further harm to health or development. 

• Are disabled. 
• The local authority must keep a list of children with disabilities in its area but does not have to keep a register of all children in need. 

Chronic Illness 

A chronic illness is one that generally lasts for a long time usually for longer than 3 months. 

Chronic Kidney Disease – CKD 

Chronic Kidney Disease is a long-term condition where the kidneys don’t work as well as they should. Anyone can get CKD although it is associated with the ageing process and is more common in black people and people of south-Asian origin. Kidney failure is uncommon and many people with CKD can live long, largely normal lives. 

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease – COPD 

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a lung disease characterized by chronic obstruction of lung airflow that interferes with normal breathing and is not fully reversible. COPD is closely associated with levels of deprivation which are higher in more deprived communities. 

Clinical Commissioning Group – CCG 

Clinical commissioning groups (CCGs) were created following the Health and Social Care Act in 2012. They were clinically led statutory NHS bodies responsible for the planning and commissioning of health care services for their local area. However, they were dissolved in July 2022 and their duties taken on by the new integrated care systems (ICSs). 

Cochlear 

An inner ear structure, a snail-shell like structure divided into three fluid-filled parts. Two are canals for the transmission of pressure and the third is the sensitive organ of Corti, which detects pressure impulses and responds with electrical impulses which travel along the auditory nerve to the brain. 

Cohort 

A group of people with a shared characteristic. 

Colorectal 

Relating to or affecting the colon and the rectum, in the context of the JSNA this refers to Colorectal Cancer. 

Comorbidity 

Comorbidity, or the co-occurrence of two distinct medical conditions, is a common phrase in both physical and mental health. Comorbidity is associated with worse health outcomes, more complex clinical management and increased health costs. 

Congenital 

Of or relating to a condition present at birth, whether inherited or caused by the environment. 

Continuous Professional Development – CPD 

CPD refers to the process of tracking and documenting the skills, knowledge and experience that are gained both formally and informally as you work, beyond any initial training. 

CORE20PLUS5 

A national NHS England approach to inform action to reduce healthcare inequalities at both national and system level. The approach defines a target population – the Core20PLUS and identifies ‘5’ focus clinical areas requiring accelerated improvement. Core relates to the most deprived 20% of the population, PLUS are the population groups identified at local area level, and for adults the 5 clinical areas are: Maternity, Severe mental illness (SMI), Chronic respiratory disease, Early cancer diagnosis, and Hypertension case-finding and optimal management and lipid optimal management. The separate Core20PLUS5 for children and young people, focuses on five clinical areas: Asthma, Diabetes, Epilepsy, Oral Health and Mental Health. 

Coronary Heart Disease – CHD 

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a disease in which a waxy substance called plaque builds up inside the coronary arteries. These arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. When plaque builds up in the arteries, the condition is called atherosclerosis. The build-up of plaque occurs over many years. 

Corporate Parent 

As corporate parent for children in care, a council has a duty to ensure that there is a sufficient supply of appropriate, high-quality placements, for all children in care, known as the ‘sufficiency duty’. In practical terms this should mean the council is recruiting enough foster carers, providing appropriate foster care placements as well as high quality residential care homes, and that there are efficient plans for adoption, adopter recruitment, or special guardianship where appropriate. 

County Council 

Higher tier of Local Government (e.g., Lincolnshire County Council): responsible for services in the whole county such as education, transport, planning, fire and public safety, social care, libraries and heritage, waste management and trading standards. 

Court Disposals 

Properly ‘Out of Court Disposals’: An out of court disposal is a way of dealing with a crime or offence that does not require a prosecution in court. Out of court disposals are not new and have been used for many years in relation to minor traffic offences such as parking fines and minor speeding matters that if uncontested, could be dealt with without proceeding to court. 

Credit Union 

Credit Unions are financial co-operatives owned and controlled by their members. They help to provide communities with affordable loans and savings products and promoting thrift and the wise use of money. 

Crime Survey for England And Wales – CSEW 

The Crime Survey for England and Wales is used alongside police recorded crime data and forms a resource of information for the government of the extent and nature of Crime in England and Wales. The survey is conducted yearly and around 50,000 households are invited to participate. 

Decent Home Standard 

This applies to social housing. The standard requires that landlords must meet the current statutory minimum standard for housing; housing must be in a reasonable state of repair; have reasonably modern facilities and services; and provide a reasonable degree of thermal comfort (including effective insulation and efficient heating). 

Decile 

Each of ten equal groups into which a population can be divided according to the distribution of values of a particular variable. 

Department For Education – DfE 

The DfE is the Government department responsible for education, children’s services, higher and further education policy, apprenticeships and wider skills in England, and equalities. DfE is a ministerial department supported by 18 agencies and public bodies. 

Department For Environment, Food And Rural Affairs – DEFRA 

The UK government department responsible for safeguarding the natural environment, supporting the food and farming industry, and sustaining the rural economy. A ministerial department supported by 33 agencies and public bodies. 

Department For Transport – DfT 

HM Government Department that supports the transport network. They plan and invest in transport infrastructure. DFT is a ministerial department, supported by 19 agencies and public bodies. 

Department for Digital, Culture, Media And Sport 

The Department for Digital, Culture, Media & Sport protects and promotes the UK cultural and artistic heritage and help businesses and communities to grow by investing in innovation. It is a ministerial department supported by 42 agencies and public bodies. 

Deprivation 

The damaging lack of material benefits or conditions considered to be basic necessities in a society. 

Diabetes Register 

A diabetes register is a tool to help GP teams to identify and track their patients with diabetes. It can help them ensure their diabetes patients receive the care they need when they need it. 

Diabetic Retinopathy 

Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes, caused by high blood sugar levels, damaging the back of the eye (retina). It can cause blindness if left undiagnosed and untreated. 

Dietetic 

Dietetic relates to anything concerned with diet and nutrition. 

Digital By Default 

HM Government Policy to encourage digital teams who are building government services to provide digital access to services to make them more accessible. There is a Digital by Default Service Standard to ensure consistency of service provision. The policy is not to replace services with digital only options but to encourage those who can turn digital to do so. 

Digital Inclusion 

Digital inclusion is an HM Government strategy to ensure that individuals and groups are not excluded from accessing digital services. This includes having the right access, skills, motivation and trust to go online. 

Direct Payments 

A direct payment is the amount of money that the local council must pay a carer to meet their needs or those of the person they are caring for, to enable them to purchase services that will meet their needs as assessed by the local council. 

Directly Standardised Rate 

The direct method of standardisation requires that the age-specific rates for all populations being studied are available and that a standard population is defined. 

Director Of Public Health – DPH 

Directors of public health are responsible for determining the overall vision and objectives for public health in a local area or in a defined area of public health, such as health protection. They are accountable for delivering public health objectives and reporting annually on the outcomes and future work. 

Disability-Adjusted Life Year – DALY 

The sum of years of potential life lost due to premature mortality and the years of productive life lost due to disability. 

Disability Living Allowance – DLA 

DLA is a tax-free benefit paid to individuals that are disabled to help pay for mobility and care costs. The eligibility is complex, with restrictions for claimants that fall into specific age ranges. DLA entitlement is ending for those born after 6th April 1948 or are aged over 16 and will be replaced by PIPs. 

Drug Dependent 

Refers to an individual with a psychological desire to keep on using a drug even though it may be causing them harm. They may have clear cravings, but they usually always find it hard to stop using. For many drugs, if an individual stops using after a period of regular use, they may experience unpleasant withdrawal symptoms, and this can become a cause of continued use and dependence. 

DTaP/IPV/Hib Vaccine 

The 5 in 1 vaccine, one of the earliest vaccines given to babies. It protects against 5 serious childhood diseases: Diphtheria, Tetanus, Whooping Cough (Pertussis), Polio and Hib (Haemophilus Influenzae type b). The vaccine is administered 3 times at 8, 12 and 16 weeks old. 

Delayed Transfers of Care – DToC 

A delayed transfer of care refers to the period it takes someone to leave or be transferred from a hospital to an alternative setting after they have been deemed medically fit for discharge and therefore no longer requires hospital care. 

Dual Diagnosis 

This term describes patients with both severe mental illness (mainly psychotic disorders) and problematic drug and/or alcohol use. Personality disorder may also co-exist with psychiatric illness and/or substance misuse. 

Dyscalculia 

A specific and persistent difficulty in understanding numbers which can lead to diverse range of difficulties with mathematics. 

Dyslexia 

A specific learning disability that is neurobiological in origin. It is characterised by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding activities. 

Dyspraxia 

Also known as developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD), is a common disorder that affects movement and co-ordination.

EAL – English as an Additional Language 

A learner of EAL is a pupil whose first language is other than English. First language is the language to which a child is initially exposed during early development and continues to use this language in their home and community. 

Early Help Assessment – EHA 

An Early Help Assessment is designed to evaluate the needs of individual children who may benefit from early help services. This help may be from a wide range of local agencies, it will identify the help needed to prevent needs escalating to a point the intervention would be required via a statutory assessment under the Children Act 1989. These assessments are undertaken by a lead professional who should support a child and family, act as an advocate on their behalf and coordinate the delivery of support services. The assessment can be undertaken by GPs, family support workers, teachers, health visitors or SENCOs. Decisions on lead professionals should be taken on a case-by-case basis and should be informed by the child and their family. 

Early Support Co-Ordination – ESCO 

ESCO works alongside children and young people with a disability and their families, providing support and care co-ordination that place families at the heart of decision making about their child. 

Early Years Childcare Support -EYCC 

LCC department that offers a wide range of skills, expertise and experience across the early year’s sector. 

Early Years Entitlement – EYE 

All 3 to 4-year-olds in England can get 570 hours of free early education or childcare per year. It is usually taken as 15 hours a week for 38 weeks of the year. Some 2-year-olds are also eligible. 

Early Years Foundation Stage – EYFS 

The EYFS statutory framework describes the standards for learning, development and care of children from birth to 5 years old. All schools and Ofsted-Registered early years’ providers must follow the EYFS, including childminders, preschools, nurseries and school reception classes. 

Early Years Inclusion Funding 

Funding that is available to support children with severe and complex needs accessing Early Years provision. 

Early Years Provision 

The Childcare Act of 2006 removed the legal distinction between childcare and nursery education for young children aged 0-5. The term ‘early years provision’ means the provision of a combination of early learning, care and development for a young child. 

Early Years Specialist Teachers – EYST 

Early years, or nursery teachers work in pre-school, nursery and reception classes with children aged between three and five. They plan and carry out activities in line with the requirements of the early years foundation stage (EYFS) 

East Midlands Ambulance Service NHS Trust – EMAS 

Ambulance Service Trust covers Lincolnshire as well as Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Rutland, NE Lincolnshire, N Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire and Northamptonshire. The service provides patient care and treatment at the scene of an emergency, en-route in emergency vehicles or at a treatment centre. Their total area served is 6,425 square miles for 4.8 million people. Their control centres are based in Nottingham and Lincoln. 

E-Cigarette 

Electronic Cigarette. A device used to stimulate the experience of smoking, having a cartridge with a heater that vaporises liquid nicotine instead of burning tobacco. 

Education Health And Care Plan – EHC 

An EHC plan is the document which replaces Statements of SEN and Learning Difficulties Assessments for children and young people up to 25 years with SEN. The EHC plan identifies educational, health and social needs and sets out the additional support to meet those needs. 

Education, Health And Care (EHC) Needs Assessment 

An EHC needs assessment is carried out by a Local Authority who have a duty (under the Children and Families Act 2014) to assess a child or young person’s education, health and care needs. A parent, young person or school/college may request that an assessment is carried out and the LA must respond within 6 weeks to say if this will or will not be done, there is a right of appeal. The LA when carrying out the assessment must seek advice from key professionals as part of the process. This will inform whether to issue an EHC plan for that child or young person. 

Epilepsy 

A common condition that affects the brain and causes frequent seizures. Seizures are bursts of electrical activity in the brain that temporarily affects how it works, causing a wide range of symptoms. It usually starts either in childhood or in the over-60s, often lifelong it can sometimes slowly get better over time. 

Equality Act 2010 

The Equality Act 2010 prohibits discrimination against people with the protected characteristics that are specified in section 4 of the Act. Disability is one of the specified protected characteristics. Protection from discrimination for disabled people applies to disabled people in a range of circumstances, covering the provision of goods, facilities and services, the exercise of public functions, premises, work, education, and associations. Only those disabled people, who are defined as disabled in accordance with section 6 of the Act, and the associated Schedules and regulations made under that section, will be entitled to the protection that the Act provides to disabled people. However, the Act also provides protection for non-disabled people who are subjected to direct discrimination or harassment because of their association with a disabled person or because they are wrongly perceived to be disabled. 

Equality Impact Statement – EIA 

A corporate statement produced after an equality impact assessment has been carried out on a practice or policy. The assessment analyses policies and practices to make sure they do not discriminate or disadvantage people. EIAs also improve or promote equality. 

Ethnic minorities 

A term used to refer to all ethnic groups except the white British group.  

Ethnic Minority And Traveller Education Team – EMTET 

EMTET is a team of educational offices who support children from ethnic minority and Traveller backgrounds. They support ethnic minority and Traveller children to access and integrate in to appropriate educational provision, promote and celebrate different cultures and lifestyles and help challenge racism and discrimination. 

Exacerbations 

Refers to a flare-up or episode when a condition becomes worse than usual. An exacerbation may cause further damage to the body. 

Excess Winter Deaths – EWD 

In common with other countries, in England and Wales more people die in the winter than in the summer. For statistical purposes winter is defined as the period from December to March and compares the number of deaths that occurred in a specific winter period with the average number of deaths occurring in the preceding August to November and the following April to July. EWD can also be expressed as Excess Winter Mortality (EWM). 

Extra Care Housing – ECH 

Extra Care Housing is housing designed with the needs of frailer older people in mind and with varying levels of care and support available on site. People who live in Extra Care Housing have their own self-contained homes, their own front doors and a legal right to occupy the property. Extra Care Housing is also known as very sheltered housing, assisted living, or simply as ‘housing with care’. It comes in many built forms, including blocks of flats, bungalow estates and retirement villages. It is a popular choice among older people because it can sometimes provide an alternative to a care home. 

Folic Acid Supplement 

Folic acid, known as folate in its natural form, helps: the body to form healthy red blood cells; reduce the risk of central neural tube defects, such as spina bifida. In the context of the JSNA: The Department of Health recommends that women who are pregnant or trying for a baby take 400mcg folic acid supplement from the time they stop using contraception until they reach the twelfth week of pregnancy. 

Foresight 

Foresight (HM Government office for Science) uses scientific evidence and futures analysis to address complex issues and provide strategic options for policy. 

Foster Care 

Foster Care is a way of providing family life for children who cannot live with their own parents. There are a variety of fostering types: Emergency; Long term; Short Term, and Family or friends’ ‘kinship’ fostering. 

Four Tier Service Model 

Different tiers of weight management services cover different activities. Definitions vary locally but usually: 

• Tier 1 covers universal services (such as health promotion or primary care); 
• Tier 2 covers lifestyle interventions; 
• Tier 3 covers specialist weight management services; 
• Tier 4 covers bariatric surgery. 

Frailty Syndromes 

Frailty is a distinctive health state related to the ageing process in which multiple body systems gradually lose their in-built reserves. Around 10% of people aged over 65 years have frailty, rising to between a quarter and a half of those aged over 85 years. Frailty is not an inevitable part of ageing: it is a long-term condition, in the same sense that diabetes or Alzheimer’s disease is. 

There are 5 frailty syndromes: 

• Delirium: 
• Falls: 
• Immobility: 
• Incontinence: 
• Susceptibility to side effects of medication. 

Free School Meal – FSM 

Free School Meals can refer to either: 

1. In England a Free School Meal (FSM) is a statutory benefit available to school aged children from families who receive other qualifying benefits and who have been through the relevant registration process. 
2. The use of free school meal (FSM) data is widely prevalent in official estimates of educational disadvantage as well as in educational research reports in Britain.  

SSSSSSGeneral Certificate of Secondary Education – GCSE 

A system of public exams taken in several various subjects from the age of about 16. At Key Stage 4 specific attainment is measured by achievement by pupils at GCSE level. Since 2017 GCSE results are graded 9-1, 9 being the highest grade and set above the old A* grade. 

General Fertility Rate – GFR 

The general fertility rate is the total number of live births per 1,000 women of reproductive age (ages 15-49) in a population per year. 

General Medical Services (GMS) Contract 

The GMS contract is the contract between GP practices and NHS England for delivering primary care services to local communities. It consists of three parts: Global Sum (cost of running a GP practice), QOF and Enhanced Services (additional services GPs can elect to provide). 

General Practitioner – GP 

A doctor based in the community, who treats patients with minor or chronic illnesses and refers those with serious conditions to a hospital 

Glaucoma  

Glaucoma is an eye condition where the optic nerve, which connects the eye to the brain, becomes damaged. It can lead to loss of vision if not detected and treated early on. It usually occurs when the fluid in the eye cannot drain properly, which increases the pressure inside the eye and puts pressure on the optic nerve. 

Global Burden of Disease – GBD 

The GBD study aims to quantify the burden of premature mortality and disability for major diseases or disease groups, and uses a summary measure of population health, the DALY, to combine estimates of the years of life lost and years lived with disabilities. 

Good Level of Development – GLD 

The DfE explains that the GLD is a performance measure for EYFS pupils. Children are defined as having reached a good level of development at the end of the EYFS if they have achieved the expected level in the early learning goals in the prime areas of learning (personal, social and emotional development: physical development, and communication and language) plus the early learning goals in the specific areas of maths and literacy. 

GPPS – GP Patient Survey

The GP Patient Survey is an independent survey run by Ipsos on behalf of NHS England. The online survey is sent out to a random selection of over two million people registered with a GP in England. The results show how people feel about their GP practice.

Greater Lincolnshire Local Enterprise Partnership – GLLEP 

The purpose of the GLLEP is to drive economic growth and to be the voice of the local business community, ensuring that the economic interests of the area are properly represented.  

HbA1c 

HbA1c is a term commonly used in relation to diabetes. It refers to glycerated haemoglobin; it develops when haemoglobin, a protein within red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body, joins with glucose in the blood, becoming glycerated. Measurement of its levels enables clinicians to get an overall picture of what average blood sugar levels have been over a period of weeks or months. The higher the HbA1c level a patient has the greater the risk of diabetes-related complications. It can also be referred to as haemoglobin A1c or A1c. 

Health And Wellbeing Being Board 

The Health and Social Care Act 2012 makes provision for the establishment by a Council, of a Health and Wellbeing Board which is an Executive Committee of the Council. The functions of the committee are to: 

• Encourage persons who arrange for the provision of any health and social care services in the area to work in an integrated manner; 
• Provide such advice, assistance or other support as it thinks appropriate for the purpose of encouraging Joint Commissioning; 
• Prepare and publish a Joint Strategic Needs Assessment: Prepare and publish a Joint Health and Wellbeing Strategy. 

Health Inequality 

These are preventable and unjust differences in health status experienced by certain population groups. People in lower socio-economic groups are more likely to experience chronic ill-health and die earlier than those who are more advantaged. 

Health Needs Assessment – HNA 

A Health Needs Assessment looks at the current and future health problems of the local population, including; whether certain groups are more or less likely to become ill than others. The HNA also examines service provision and whether improvements can be made within a particular local area. 

Health Survey for England 

The Health Survey for England (HSE) is an important annual survey looking at changes in the health and lifestyles of people all over the country. Around 8,000 adults and 2,000 children take part in the survey each year. Information is collected through an interview, and if participants agree, a visit from a specially trained nurse. The surveys provide regular information that cannot be obtained from other sources. 

Healthwatch 

Healthwatch is a National Organisation which has significant statutory powers to ensure the voice of the consumer is strengthened and heard by those who commission, deliver and regulate health and care services. At a local level; Healthwatch Lincolnshire is an independent health consumer champion which works to help local people get the best out of their local health and social care services. Healthwatch is about local voices being able to influence the delivery and design of local services, not just for people who use them, but anyone who might need to in the future. Their structure is a county-wide network of local community groups. 

Herd Immunity 

If enough people in a community are vaccinated, it’s harder for a disease to pass between people who have not been vaccinated (e.g., 19 out of 20 people in the case of Measles). This is called herd immunity. Herd immunity is particularly important for protecting people who can’t get vaccinated because they’re too ill or because they’re having treatment that damages their immune system. 

Hospital Episode Statistics – HES 

HES is a data warehouse containing details of all admissions, outpatient appointments and A&E attendances at NHS hospitals in England. 

Housing Benefit 

Housing Benefit is a benefit paid to those on low income to help pay rent. It can be used to pay all, or a part of rental costs and it does not cover the costs of heating, hot water and food. The amount you get depends on your household income. It can be applied for whether you are in work or not. 

Human papillomavirus (HPV) 

HPV is the name of a very common group of viruses. They do not cause any problems in most people, but some types can cause genital warts or cancer. 

Hypertension 

Hypertension is also known as High Blood Pressure. Untreated or persistent hypertension can lead to serious and potentially life-threatening problems such as heart attack or stroke. If blood pressure is too high it puts extra strain on the blood vessels, heart and other organs, such as brain, kidneys and eyes. 

Hypotension 

Hypotension is also known as Low Blood Pressure; this is where the blood pressure in the arteries is abnormally low. Naturally low blood pressure is not an issue normally. If blood pressure is too low it can restrict the amount of blood flowing to the brain and other vital organs, which can cause unsteadiness, dizziness or fainting. 

Improving Access to Psychological Therapies – IAPT 

IAPT services provide evidence-based treatments for people with anxiety and depression (implementing NICE guidelines). 

Incidence 

Incidence is the number of new cases of a disease or condition identified in a time period (e.g., a year). Incidence (new cases) is part of prevalence in a population. 

Independent Domestic Violence Advisors – IDVA 

The main purpose of IDVA is to address the safety of victims at high risk of harm from intimate partners, ex-partners or family members to secure their safety and the safety of their children. They serve as the victim’s primary point of contact from the point of crisis; they assess the level of risk, discuss suitable options and develop safety plans. 

Independent Foster Carers 

Foster Carers working for an independent fostering agency rather than directly for the Local Authority 

Independent Schools 

Also known as Private Schools, Independent Schools charge fees to attend instead of being funded by the government. Pupils do not have to follow the national curriculum. All private schools must be registered with the government and are inspected regularly. 

Index Of Multiple Deprivation – IMD 

The Index of Multiple Deprivation is the official measure of relative deprivation for small areas (or neighbourhoods) in England. The Index of Multiple Deprivation ranks every small area in England from 1 (most deprived area) to 32,844 (least deprived area). It is common to describe how relatively deprived a small area is by saying whether it falls among the most deprived 10 per cent, 20 per cent or 30 per cent of small areas in England (although there is no definitive cut-off at which an area is described as ‘deprived’). To help with this, deprivation ‘deciles’ are published alongside ranks. Deciles are calculated by ranking the 32,844 small areas in England from most deprived to least deprived and dividing them into 10 equal groups. These range from the most deprived 10 per cent of small areas nationally to the least deprived 10 per cent of small areas nationally. 

Indicators 

A data element that represents statistical data for a specified time, place, and other characteristics. 

Integrated care board (ICB) 

A statutory NHS organisation responsible for developing a plan for meeting the health needs of the population, managing the NHS budget and arranging for the provision of health services in the ICS area. The establishment of ICBs resulted in clinical commissioning groups (CCGs) being disestablished.  

Integrated care partnership (ICP) 

A statutory committee jointly formed between the NHS integrated care board and all upper-tier local authorities that fall within the ICS area. The ICP will bring together a broad alliance of partners concerned with improving the care, health and wellbeing of the population, with membership determined locally. The ICP is responsible for producing an integrated care strategy on how to meet the health and wellbeing needs of the population in the ICS area. 

Integrated Care System (ICS) 

Integrated care systems (ICSs) are partnerships of organisations that come together to plan and deliver joined up health and care services, and to improve the lives of people who live and work in their area. 

Integrated Personal Commissioning – IPC 

IPC is a partnership programme between NHS England and the Local Government Association. IPC is a pillar of the NHS five year forward view, and supports the improvement, integration and personalisation of services, building on learning from personal budgets in social care and progress with personal health budgets. Individuals, their carers and families can take an active role in their health and wellbeing, with greater choice and control over the care they need through personalised care planning and personal budgets. It also supports people to develop their knowledge, skills and confidence to self-manage their care. 

Intelligence Quotient – IQ 

In the context of SEN and SEND an IQ of less than 70 is generally understood as the criteria measure of lower intellectual ability. 

Intentional Self Harm 

Self-harm is when somebody intentionally damages or injures their body. 

Intervention 

A health intervention usually refers to the treatment of a patient to prevent deterioration of their condition. 

Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation – JCVI 

The Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI) advises UK health departments on immunisation. 

Joint Diversionary Panel – JDP 

A multi-agency approach to youth justice, which utilises information from many services to form holistic decision making. The JDP are in place to decide whether a young person is criminalised or given an out of court disposal. The aim of the JDP is to divert children and young people away from the Criminal Justice System. 

Joint Health And Wellbeing Board – JHWB 

A statutory body in England, a product of the Health and Social Care Act 2012. The board in each upper tier authority is a forum where key leaders from the health and care system work together to improve the health and wellbeing of their local population and reduce health inequalities. 

Joint Health And Wellbeing Strategy – JHWS 

The JHWS examines how services related to wider health determinants (e.g., housing, education, and lifestyle) could be more closely integrated with health and social care services. The responsibility for compiling the JHWS is with the Health and Wellbeing Board. 

Joint Strategic Needs Assessment – JSNA 

The JSNA is an assessment of the current and future health and social care needs of the local community. Wide varieties of needs are assessed and could be met by the Council, ICB or NHS England. The responsibility for conducting the JSNA rests with Councils and ICB through the Health and Wellbeing Board (HWB). 

Key Stage 1 – KS1 

KS1 covers the two years of schooling in maintained primary schools in England and Wales when pupils are aged between 5 and 7. 

Key Stage 2 – KS2 

KS2 is a phase of primary school education for pupils aged 7 to 11 in England and Wales. 

Key Stage 3 – KS3 

KS3 is the first three years of secondary school education in England and Wales, for pupils aged 11 to 14. 

Key Stage 4 – KS4 

During key stage 4 most pupils work towards national qualifications – usually GCSEs. Children will normally be aged from 14-16 years old in KS4 and in school years 10 and 11. 

Key Stage 5 – KS5 

Key Stage 5 is a label used to describe the two years of education for students aged 16-18, or at sixth form, in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.  

Lead Professional Role 

The lead professional role has three core functions which can be carried out by a range of practitioners from across the children and young people’s workforce: 

• Act as a single point of contact for the child, young person or family 
• Co-ordinate the delivery of the actions agreed 
• Reduce overlap and inconsistency in the services received 

Learning Disability Partnership Board – LDPB 

In Lincolnshire the LDPB was set up in 2001, their role is to make sure that different people, organisations and agencies work together to improve the lives of people with learning disabilities. Board members include people with a learning disability, parents and carers, representatives from health, social care and other learning disability providers. 

Learning from Lives and Deaths, People with a Learning Disability and autistic people – LeDeR 

LeDeR reviews deaths to establish where areas of learning, opportunities to improve, and examples of excellent practice. This information is then used to improve services for people living with a learning disability and autistic people. 

LGBT+ 

An acronym commonly used to describe the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, questioning and ace community and issues that relate specifically to this group. Ace is an umbrella term used to describe a lack of varying or occasional experiences of sexual attraction.  

Lincolnshire Community Health Services NHS Trust – LCHS 

Lincolnshire Community Health Services NHS Trust is the primary community healthcare provider in Lincolnshire, aimed at supporting people to manage their own health at home and reducing the need for people to go into hospital.  

Lincolnshire Community Safety Partnership – LCSP 

The LCSP is a statutory body which brings together a number of organisations with the aim of reducing crime, disorder and anti-social behaviour to the county. These agencies work jointly to improve the safety of residents and visitors by information sharing and partnership activity. The partnership comprises: Lincolnshire Police, Police and Crime Commissioner, National Probation Service, Community Rehabilitation Company, District Councils, Lincolnshire County Council, Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue, CCGs. 

Lincolnshire Learning Partnership – LLP 

LLP comprises peer review training and networks, quality assurance and CPD opportunities with a Partnership Board of head teachers taking ownership of the strategic vision for education in Lincolnshire. 

Lincolnshire Maintained School 

Also known as a Local Education Authority maintained school. This is a school that is funded by the local education authority, for the purposes of this JSNA this is Lincolnshire County Council. These schools will be one of the following: a foundation school, community school, voluntary controlled school (religious or faith school), voluntary aided school (religious or faith school), nursery school or special school. 

Lincolnshire Parent Carer Forum – LPCF 

LPCF is the official independent parent carer forum in Lincolnshire and represents parents and carers of family members with disabilities and Special Educational Needs (SEN). It is a registered charity. 

Lincolnshire Partnership Foundation Trust – LPFT 

NHS Trust that provides specialist health services for people with learning disabilities and mental health problems in Lincolnshire. 

Lincolnshire Rural Support Network – LRSN 

LRSN is a volunteer led organisation that provides pastoral and practical support to farming and rural people during periods of anxiety, stress and problems relating to their families and businesses. 

Lincolnshire Safeguarding Adults Board – LSAB 

The Lincolnshire Safeguarding Adults Board (LSAB) is a multi-agency partnership, comprising of a range of organisations that all have stakeholder interest in the safeguarding adult’s agenda. It aims to fulfil multi-agency responsibilities in relation to the protection of adults at risk from abuse and neglect in line with the requirements made in the Care Act 2014. 

Lincolnshire Safeguarding Children Board – LSCB 

Lincolnshire Safeguarding Children Board is a statutory multi-agency board made up of representatives from the Local Authority, Police, Health Service, Probation Trust, Youth Offending Service, the Voluntary Sector and others. Their aim is that every child and young person in Lincolnshire is safeguarded via the provision of accessible, timely, co-ordinated, high quality multi-agency services to children, young people and families. 

Local Authority – LA 

Also referred to as District Authorities, these are the second tier of Local Government, Lincolnshire has 7 local authorities; which for the purpose of this JSNA is the context of the use of LA. These authorities are: South Kesteven District Council; North Kesteven District Council: East Lindsey District Council: West Lindsey District: South Holland District Council: Boston Borough Council and City of Lincoln Council. They are responsible for services such as refuse collection, recycling, Council Tax Collection, Voter Registration, Housing and Planning Applications within their defined boundary area. 

Local Authority Interactive Tool – LAIT 

An interactive spreadsheet for comparing data about children and young people across all local authorities in England. 

Local Criminal Justice Board 

The purpose of a Local Criminal Justice Board is to work in partnership across agencies to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the Criminal Justice System and to improve the experience of the victims of and witnesses to crime. Typically, partners will include the CPS, Police, YOS, Probation Trust, HMCS, HM Prison Service and Victim Support Services. 

Local Medical Committee – LMC 

A local medical committee is a statutory body in the UK. LMCs are recognised by successive NHS Acts as the professional organisation representing individual GPs and GP practices as a whole to the Primary Care Organisation. 

Long-Term Condition 

A Long-Term Condition is defined as a condition that cannot, at present be cured; but can be controlled by medication and other therapies. Examples of Long-Term Conditions are diabetes, heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). 

Low Birth Weight 

Low birth Weight has been defined by the World Health Organisation as weight at birth of less than 2,500 grams (5.5 pounds). 

Lower Super Output Area – LSOA 

An LSOA is a statistical area which was initially developed to help report information for the Census 2001. They were intended to remain static in order to compare over a long time period and be independent of political boundary changes, which can impact on Wards. Each lower super output area will have a population between 1,000 and 5,000. 

Making Every Contact Count – MECC 

An approach to behaviour change that uses day to day interactions that organisations and individuals have with other people to support them in making positive changes to their physical and mental health and wellbeing. MECC enables the opportunistic delivery of consistent and concise healthy lifestyle information and enables individuals to engage in conversations about their health at scale across organisations and populations. 

Marmot Review 

The Marmot Review into health inequalities in England was published on 11 February 2010. It proposes an evidence-based strategy to address the social determinants of health, the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age and which can lead to health inequalities. 

Measles, Mumps, Rubella Vaccine – MMR 

These are three different diseases which are caused by three different viruses. The vaccines given to immunise against measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) are all combined into one injection, the MMR vaccine. This is usually administered to children aged 12-13 months. A second dose is usually given as a pre-school booster. 

Memorandum Of Understanding 

A memorandum of understanding describes a bilateral or multilateral agreement between two or more parties. It expresses a convergence of will between the parties, indicating an intended common line of action. 

Middle Super Output Area – MSOA 

Middle Super Output Areas are a statistical area developed initially to report information for the Census 2001, intended to remain static in order to compare over a long time period independent of political boundary changes which impact on Wards. Each area will have a population of over 5000. 

Ministry Of Justice – MOJ 

The MOJ works to protect the public and reduce re-offending, and to provide an effective, transparent and responsive criminal justice system for victims and the public. It is responsible for courts, prisons, probation services and attendance centres. MOJ is a ministerial department, supported by 32 agencies and public bodies. 

Modifiable Risk Factors 

Some risk factors are called modifiable, because something can be done about them. Modifiable risk factors include smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, physical inactivity, being overweight, high blood cholesterol. 

Morbidity 

Morbidity is either: 

1. a term used to describe how often a disease occurs in a specific area; 
2. a focus on death 

Mortality 

In the context of the JSNA Mortality refers to the number of deaths in a given area or period, or from a particular cause. 

Motor Neurone Disease – MND 

An uncommon condition that affects the brain and nerves. It causes weakness that gets worse over time. There is no cure, but treatment can help reduce the impact it has on daily life. 

Multi Agency Risk Assessment Conference – MARAC 

A MARAC is a meeting where information is shared on the highest risk domestic abuse cases between representatives of local police, probation, health, child protection, housing practitioners, Independent Domestic Violence Advisors (IDVA) and other specialists from the statutory and voluntary sectors. 

Multidisciplinary 

A Group of health professionals from one or more clinical disciplines who together make decisions regarding recommended treatment or care of an individual. 

Multiple Sclerosis 

This is an autoimmune condition which can affect the brain and/or spinal cord, causing a wide range of potential symptoms, including problems with vision, arm or leg movement, sensation or balance. It is a lifelong condition; symptoms may be treated and affects average life expectancy. Women are two or three times more likely to develop the disease. 

Multiple System Atrophy 

A progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by a combination of symptoms that affect both the autonomic nervous system (the part of the nervous system that controls involuntary action such as blood pressure or digestion) and movement. 

National Child Measurement Programme Local Authority Profile – NCMP 

The National Child Measurement Programme (NCMP) measures the height and weight of over one-million children aged 4-5 and 10-11 years each year in primary schools in England. The NCMP is an excellent source of surveillance data which helps increase understanding of the patterns and trends in underweight, healthy weight, overweight, and obesity among the child population. 

Local Authority data is presented by residence of child. 

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence – NICE 

An organisation set up to further best clinical practice and to be a lead in enhancing the nation’s health and wellbeing. 

Neurodevelopmental Disorder 

An impairment of the growth and development of the brain or central nervous system. A narrower definition refers to a disorder of brain function that affects emotion, learning ability, self-control and memory that unfolds as an individual grows. Conditions associated with Neurodevelopment disorder include Autism and ADHD. 

Neurophysiology 

A branch of medicine investigating, diagnosing and treating disorders of the nervous system including epilepsy, motor neurone disease and Parkinson’s disease. 

NHS Digital 

NHS Digital is the name for the Health and Social Care Information Centre (HSCIC). It provides national information, data and IT services for patients, clinicians, researchers and commissioners. 

NHS England – NHSE 

NHS England leads the National Health Service (NHS) in England. Setting the priorities and direction of the NHS and encouraging and informing the national debate to improve health and care. 

NICE Guidance 

The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) provides national guidance and advice to improve health and social care. NICE produce evidence-based guidance and advice and health, public health and social care practitioners. 

NICE Quality Standards 

NICE quality standards are a set of specific, concise statements and associated measures. They set out aspirational, but achievable, markers of high-quality, cost-effective patient care, covering the treatment and prevention of different diseases and conditions. they are based on guidance and advice from NICE and other organisations using NICE-accredited processes. 

Nicotine Replacement Therapies – NRT 

A way of getting nicotine into the bloodstream without smoking reduces the symptoms of nicotine withdrawal. There are gum, patches, inhalators, tablets, lozenges and sprays. These can be bought over the counter at pharmacies and retailers, and most are also available on prescription. 

Nomis 

Nomis is a service provided by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) to give free access to the most detailed and up-to-date UK labour market statistics from official sources. 

Not In Education, Employment or Training – NEET 

An individual is NEET if they are aged 16 to 24 and not in education, employment or training. Education or training includes apprenticeships, government employment or training programme, working or studying for a qualification, had job-related training or education in the past 4 weeks, or are enrolled on an education course which is still being attended or waiting to start. 

Novel (Or New) Psychoactive Substances – NPS 

Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS or legal highs) are compounds designed to mimic existing established recreational drugs. They can be grouped into four main categories; stimulants, cannabinoids, hallucinogens, and depressants. In the UK it is illegal to distribute or sell NPS, but possession is not a criminal offence.  

Office for Health Improvement and Disparities 

The Office for Health Improvement and Disparities (OHID) is a government unit within the British Department of Health and Social Care that leads national efforts to improve public health policy across England. The body is a successor organisation to Public Health England. 

Office For National Statistics – ONS 

The UK’s largest independent producer of official statistics and it’s recognised national statistical institute. They are responsible for collecting and publishing statistics relating to the economy, population and society at a national, regional and local level. They also conduct the census in England and Wales every 10 years. 

Office For Standards In Education, Children’s Services and Skills – Ofsted 

OFSTED is the organisation that inspects and regulates services that care for children and young people, and services providing education and skills for learners of all ages. Ofsted is a non-ministerial department. 

Office Of Communications – Ofcom 

Ofcom is the communications regulator in the UK. They regulate TV, radio and video on demand sectors, fixed-line telecoms, mobiles and postal services, plus the airwaves over which wireless devices operate. Ofcom’s powers and duties are set by Parliament in legislation, particularly the Communications Act 2003. 

Palliative Care 

Palliative care is for people living with a terminal illness where no cure is possible. It is also for people living with complex conditions where their symptoms need to be controlled. It aims to treat or manage pain and other physical symptoms. It will also help with any psychological, social or spiritual needs. This is also known as end-of-life care. The goal of palliative care is to help the patient achieve the best quality of life. Palliative care can take place alongside particular treatments such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy. 

Park Homes 

Park homes are typically prefabricated single-storey houses that are manufactured off-site and installed on land owned privately or by a local authority. They are also known as mobile homes or caravans. To fall within the definition of a park home, the house must be capable of being moved in one or two pieces, either on its own wheels or by being towed or transported by another vehicle. It must not be more than 20 metres in length, 6.8 metres in width, and 3.05 metres from floor to the ceiling internally. Most park home residents own their home but rent the pitch on which it stands, paying a pitch fee to the site owner. 

Parkinson’s Disease 

A condition where parts of the brain become progressively damaged over many years. The main symptoms are involuntary shaking, slow movement and stiff and inflexible muscles. Other symptoms can include depression, loss of sense of smell, sleep issues and memory problems. 

Pension Credit 

An income-related benefit that comes in two parts and an individual may be eligible for one or both: 

• Guarantee Credit tops up weekly income to a guaranteed minimum level; 
• Savings Credit is extra money if an individual has savings or an income higher than the basic State Pension (eligibility for this element is restricted to those reaching state pension age on or after 6 April 2016). 

Perinatal 

The perinatal period is the time commencing at 22 weeks of completed weeks (154 days) of gestation and ends 7 completed days after birth. Perinatal and maternal health is closely linked.  

Perinatal Mental Health Service – PERIMS 

Perinatal Mental Health refers to a woman’s mental health during pregnancy and the first year after birth. This includes mental illness existing before pregnancy as well as illnesses that develop for the first time or are greatly exacerbated in the perinatal period. 

Personal Independence Payment – PIP 

PIP helps with some of the extra costs caused by long-term ill health or a disability for individuals aged between 16 and 64. The rate of payment depends on how a condition affects the individual not on the condition itself. If there are substantial caring needs the individual’s carer may be able to claim carer’s allowance. PIP is gradually replacing DLA. 

Physical Impairment 

A physical impairment is one where an individual’s condition leads them to experience a substantial and long-term adverse effect on his or her ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities. 

Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine – PPV 

Pneumococcal vaccine: administered to those groups at risk of getting pneumococcal infections: 

• Babies (administered at 8 weeks, 16 weeks and 1 year old), People aged 65 and over; 
• Anyone from 2 to 65 with a long-term health condition, Anyone at occupational risk such as welders. 

Police And Crime Commissioner – PCC 

The PCC is an elected official who is charged with the responsibility of ensuring the effective and efficient policing of an area force. Every force area is represented by a PCC, except Greater Manchester and London, where PCC responsibilities lie with the Mayor. PCCs replaced the now defunct Police Authorities. Their period of office is 4 years and there is a maximum limit of 2 terms in office for individual PCCs. 

Post-Partum 

The time following childbirth, after the delivery extending for about 6 weeks. 

Post-Polio Syndrome 

Post-polio syndrome is a poorly understood condition that can affect people who had polio in the past. The condition is where some of the symptoms of polio return or get worse many years or decades after the original polio infection, these include extreme tiredness, muscle weakness, shrinking muscles, muscle and joint pain and sleep apnoea. It is rarely life threatening. 

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder – PTSD 

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder caused by very stressful, frightening or distressing events. 

Prevalence 

The number of people with a particular condition, disease or illness at a given point in time 

Primary Care Mortality Database – PCMD 

The PCMD holds mortality data as provided at the time of registration of a death along with additional GP details, geographical indexing and coroner details where applicable. 

Primary Care 

Primary care is a multidisciplinary aspect of healthcare with a whole range of professionals contributing to the care of individual patients. Many patients are seen in their own homes by a variety of community services, and larger numbers of complex procedures and interventions are now taking place in the primary care setting. 

Primary Prevention 

Primary prevention is the first level of health care, designed to prevent the occurrence of disease and promote health. 

Projecting Adult Needs And Service Information – PANSI 

Part of the Department of Health, PANSI provides population data by age band, gender, ethnic group, and by disability living allowance, incapacity benefits, and guardianship for English local authorities. 

Projecting Older People Population System – POPPI 

Part of the Department of Health, POPPI provides population data by age band, gender, ethnic group, religion, tenure, transport, living with no central heating, household growth and by state pension for English local authorities. Calculations are applied to population figures to estimate projected numbers of older people by; those living alone, living in care home, receiving unpaid care, their ability to carry out domestic tasks and self-care. 

Psychosis 

Psychosis is a mental ill health problem that causes people to perceive or interpret things differently from those around them. This may involve hallucinations or delusions. Psychosis is not a condition in itself – it is triggered by other conditions such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and severe depression as well as traumatic experiences and physical conditions such as Parkinson’s Disease or brain tumour and drug and alcohol misuse. 

Psychosocial 

Relating to the interaction between social and psychological factors. 

Public Health England – PHE 

Public Health England (PHE) was established on April 1 2013, to bring together public health specialists from more than 70 organisations into a single public health service. PHE was replaced by UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) and Office for Health Improvement and Disparities (OHID) in October 2021. 

Public Health Outcomes Framework – PHOF 

The PHOF: Healthy Lives, Healthy People, Improving Outcomes and Supporting Transparency sets out a vision for public health, desired outcomes and the indicators that will help understand how well public health is being improved and protected. This data tool represents data for the indicators in the framework for the most recent period available and accompanying trend data where possible. Inequalities data are provided where these are available. 

Pupil Premium Fund 

The pupil premium is additional funding for publicly funded schools in England to raise the attainment of disadvantaged pupils of all abilities and to close the gaps between them and their peers. Pupil premium funding is available to: LA maintained schools including special schools and pupil referral units (PRUs – for children who can’t go to a mainstream school). Academies and free schools, voluntary sector alternative provision and non-maintained special schools. 

Quality Outcomes Framework – QOF 

A national incentive scheme for all GP practices in the UK, which rewards them financially for how well they care for patients. Under the scheme, GP practices score points according to their level of achievement against a series of indicators, such as the percentage of patients with a new diagnosis of a disease who are referred for certain tests. NICE makes sure the clinical and health improvement indicators used in the scheme reflect new evidence and rising service standards. 

Quality-Adjusted Life Year – QALY 

A measure of the state of health of a person or group in which the benefits, in terms of length of life, are adjusted to reflect the quality of life. One QALY is equal to 1 year of life in perfect health. QALYs are calculated by estimating the years of life remaining for a patient following a particular treatment or intervention and weighting each year with a quality-of-life score (on a 0 to 1 scale). It is often measured in terms of the person’s ability to carry out the activities of daily life, and freedom from pain and mental disturbance.  

Restorative Justice 

Restorative justice brings those harmed by crime or conflict and those responsible for the harm into communication, enabling everyone affected by a particular incident to play a part in repairing the harm and finding a positive way forward. This is part of a wider field called restorative practice. 

Right Care 

Right Care is an NHS programme committed to improving people’s health outcomes. It makes sure the right person has the right care, in the right place, at the right time, making the best use of available resources. 

Risk Taking Behaviours 

Risk taking behavior refers to the tendency to engage in activities that have the potential to be harmful or dangerous. Examples could be driving fast, substance misuse, unprotected sex and taking part in extreme sports. 

Routine And Manual 

Routine and Manual refers to occupations such as lower supervisory and technical or routine and semi-routine occupations. It is part of a soci-economic classification used to divide data by occupation. In the three class system routine and manual comes after 1) Higher managerial, administrative and professional occupations, and 2) Intermediate Occupations; a fourth group, considered outside the 3 tiers, comes after this, which describes those who have never worked. 

Royal National Institute for the Deaf – RNID 

RNID is now known as Action on Hearing Loss, the largest charity representing the 11 million people confronting deafness and hearing loss in the UK. 

Royal National Institute of Blind People – RNIB 

The RNIB advise people with sight problems, how to prevent sight loss and campaign for better services and a more inclusive society.  

Sandwich Carers 

Sandwich or multigenerational carers combine childcare with caring for older or disabled relatives. 

Secondary Mental Health Services 

Secondary mental health services are specialist care available via a GP or other health/social care professional’s referral. Teams are multidisciplinary and include nurses, social workers, medical staff and therapists. 

Secondary Prevention 

Secondary prevention deals with early detection when this improves the chances for positive health outcomes (this comprises activities such as evidence-based screening programs for early detection of diseases or for prevention of congenital malformations; and preventive drug therapies of proven effectiveness when administered at an early stage of the disease). 

Section 17 Children In Need 

Section 17 of the Children Act 1989 gives local authorities a duty to ‘safeguard and promote the welfare of children within their area who are in need; and so far as is consistent with that duty, to promote the upbringing of such children by their families, by providing a range and level of services appropriate to those children’s needs’. 

Section 20 (S-20) Order 

Under section 20 of the Children Act 1989 – Voluntary Care, the local authority has a duty to provide accommodation for ‘children in need’. This accommodation – either in foster care, residential care or a kinship placement – can be long- or short-term and does not involve the courts. The parent retains full parental responsibility. 

Section 31 Care Order 

The court can create a care order under Section 31(1)(a) of the Children Act, placing a child in the care of a designated local authority, with parental responsibility being shared between the parents and the local authority. It can only be made if the court is satisfied that ‘the harm, or likelihood of harm, is attributable to…the care given to the child, or likely to be give…if the order were not made, not being what it would be reasonable to expect a parent to give…or the child being beyond parental control’. The court may make an interim care order (for up to 8 weeks in the first instance) to investigate a child’s home circumstances. 

Section 75 Agreement 

Under Section 75 of the NHS Act 2006 (as amended), the Secretary of State can make provision for local authorities and National Health Service (NHS) bodies to enter into partnership arrangements in relation to certain functions, where these arrangements are likely to lead to an improvement in the way in which those functions are exercised. The specific provision for these arrangements is set out in the NHS Bodies and Local Authorities Partnership Arrangements Regulations 2000. 

Self-Care 

The principle of self-care is to empower people with the confidence and information to look after themselves when they can, and visit the GP when they need to, gives people greater control of their own health and encourages healthy behaviours that help prevent ill health in the long-term. In many cases people can take care of their minor ailments, reducing the number of GP consultations and enabling GPs to focus on caring for higher risk patients, such as those with comorbidities, the very young and elderly, managing long-term conditions and providing new services. 

Sensory Education And Support Team – SEST 

The SEST offers support and Specialist teaching to children with a sensory impairment and aims to ensure that young people with a sensory loss gain access to their educational environment and make progression in order to raise aspiration and maximise development. 

Sensory Impairment 

‘Sensory impairment’ or ‘sensory loss’, are umbrella terms used to describe loss of the distance senses i.e., sight and hearing. 

Serious Mental Illness – SMI 

The Royal College of Psychiatrists recognise SMI as psychosis. This is a word that describes symptoms or experiences that happen together. Each individual will have different symptoms and the common feature is that they do no experience reality like most people. There is no specific test for psychosis, but symptoms are common to a number of disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and psychotic depression. 

Slope index of inequality (SII) 

The SII is a measure of the difference in the life expectancy between the most and least deprived sections of the local population. 

Smoking At The Time Of Delivery – SATOD 

An indicator measuring the number of women smoking and not smoking at the time of delivery (childbirth). 

Social Emotional And Mental Health Need – SEMH 

Children and young people may experience a wide range of social and emotional difficulties which manifest themselves in many ways. This may include becoming withdrawn or isolated, displaying challenging or disruptive behaviours. These behaviours may reflect underlying mental health difficulties such as anxiety, depression, self-harm, substance misuse or eating disorders. Others may have conditions such as ADD, ADHD or attachment disorder. 

Socioeconomic Groups 

Refers to a group’s (or an individual’s) position within a hierarchical social structure. This is dependent on a combination of variables, including occupation, education, income, wealth and place of residence. Sociologists often use Socioeconomic status of a group/individual as a means of predicting behaviour. 

Special Educational Needs – SEN 

The term ‘special educational needs’ has a legal definition, referring to children who have learning difficulties or disabilities that make it harder for them to learn than most children of the same age. Many children will have special educational needs of some kind at some time during their education. 

Special Educational Needs And Disability – SEND 

Many children and young people who have SEN may also have a disability. A disability is described in law (the Equality Act 2010) as ‘a physical or mental impairment, which has a long-term (a year or more) and substantial adverse effect on their ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities. 

Special Educational Needs Coordinator – SENCO 

SENCO stands for “Special Educational Needs Co-ordinator”. A SENCO is responsible for the day-to-day operation of the school’s SEN policy. All mainstream schools must appoint a teacher to be their SENCO. 

Special Schools 

Special schools with pupils aged 11 and older can specialise in 1 of the 4 areas of Special Educational Needs (SEN): 

• Cognition and learning; 
• Communication and interaction; 
• Social, emotional and mental health; 
• Sensory and physical needs. 
• Schools can further specialise within these categories to reflect the special needs they help with: Autistic spectrum disorders, visual impairment, or speech, language and communication needs for example. 

Specific Learning Difficulties – SpLD 

SpLD affect the way information is learned and processed. They are neurological rather than psychological, usually run in families and occur independently of intelligence. They can have a significant impact on education and learning, and on the acquisition of literacy skills. SpLD is an umbrella term to cover a range of frequently co-occurring difficulties: Dyslexia; Dyspraxia; Dyscalculia; ADD/ADHD. It can also co-occur with difficulties on the autistic spectrum such as Asperger Syndrome. 

Spinal Muscular Atrophy – SMA 

SMA is a genetic condition that makes the muscles weaker and causes problems with movement. It is a serious condition that gets worse over time, but there are treatments that can help manage the symptoms. 

Sputum 

A mixture of saliva and mucus coughed up from the respiratory tract, typically as a result of infection or other disease and often examined microscopically to aid medical diagnosis. May also be described as phlegm. 

Stalking 

Stalking can be defined as persistent and unwanted attention that makes an individual feel pestered and harassed. Stalking and Harassment includes behaviour that happens two or more times, directed at or towards an individual by another person, which causes them to feel alarmed or distressed or to fear that violence might be used against them. 

Statement 

Short for Statement of Educational Needs which sets out a child’s Special Educational Needs and any additional help that child should receive to ensure they receive the right support to make educational progress. 

Statistical Neighbours 

Also referred to as statistically similar authorities. A benchmarking process where statistically similar local authorities’ data can be used as a comparator. These authorities are not necessarily geographically close. 

Statistically Significant 

A statistically significant result is one that is assessed as being due to a true effect rather than random chance. 

Statutory Domestic Violence Review 

A statutory domestic violence review must be carried out when somebody has been killed as a result of domestic violence (domestic homicide). This is a multi-agency review with an independent chair that is responsible for writing the final overview report. The review looks for lessons that can help prevent similar incidents from happening in the future. 

Steps2Change 

Part of Lincolnshire Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, this service provides NHS talking therapies for people in Lincolnshire over the age of 16. Services include Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Counsellors, Interpersonal Therapists, Psychological Wellbeing Practitioners and Employment Advisors. 

Strength And Difficulties Questionnaire – SDQ 

The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is a brief measure of psychological well-being in 2-17-year-olds. It is probably the most widely used measure of its kind.  

Team Around the Child – TAC 

A TAC Meeting can be called by an agency that has concerns about a child or young person with additional needs that they feel may require a response from one agency but without requiring statutory intervention. 

Telecare 

Telecare systems can help an individual continue to live independently by allowing someone else – typically a relative who lives elsewhere – to make sure you are safe. A telecare system is typically made up of a network of sensors that are fitted all around the home. These sensors can be linked through a telephone line to a call centre. Telecare is not a personal alarm system as it does not require an action by an individual to trigger assistance. 

Tertiary Centre 

A Tertiary Centre is where a specialised consultative health care for inpatients takes place. The patients are admitted into these centres on a referral from primary or secondary health professionals. Tertiary health care is provided in a facility that have personnel and facilities for advanced medical investigation and treatment. Services provided include cancer management, neurosurgery, cardiac surgery and a host of complex medical and surgical interventions. Advanced diagnostic support services and specialised intensive care which cannot be provided by primary and secondary health centres are available at the tertiary health centres. 

Traumatic Brain Injury – TBI 

TBI is a form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain. This can be when the head suddenly and violently hits an object or when an object pierces the skull and enters the brain tissue. 

Type 1 Diabetes 

Type 1 diabetes is treated by daily insulin doses – taken either by injection or via an insulin pump. It can develop at any age but usually before the age of 40, and especially in childhood. It is the most common type of diabetes found in childhood. 

Type 2 Diabetes 

Type 2 diabetes develops when the insulin-producing cells in the body are unable to produce enough insulin, or when the insulin that is produced does not work properly (known as insulin resistance). It usually appears over the age of 40. South Asian people are at greater risk and for this group can appear as young as 25. Accounts for between 85 and 95% of all people with diabetes. It is treated with a healthy diet and physical activity. Medication and/or insulin may be required.  

UK Health Security Agency 

The UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) is responsible for protecting the community from the impact of infectious diseases, chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear incidents and other health threats. It provides intellectual, scientific and operational leadership at national and local level, as well as on the global stage, to make the nation’s health secure. 

Unitary Authority – UA

A unitary authority is a local authority responsible for all government services in an area, providing a single tier of local government administration in parts of England outside Greater London and the metropolitan counties, and throughout Wales.

United Lincolnshire Hospitals NHS Trust – ULHT 

ULHT runs Lincoln County Hospital, Pilgrim Hospital Boston and Grantham and District Hospital. The Trust is situated in the county of Lincolnshire and is one of the biggest acute hospital trusts in England serving a population of over 720,000 people. 

Universal Credit – UC 

Universal Credit is a financial benefit designed to support people who are on a low income or out of work. It replaced six existing benefits: Income-based jobseekers’ allowance, Income-related Employment and Support Allowance, Income-Support, Child Tax Credit, Working Tax Credit and Housing Benefit. It is based on a single monthly payment, transferred directly into a bank account. There are no limits on how many hours a week you can work to claim this benefit. 

Vaccine Preventable Death 

A Vaccine Preventable Death is caused by an infectious disease for which an effective preventable vaccine exists. 

Vascular Conditions 

Vascular conditions affect the veins and arteries in the body, which conduct oxygen to every living cell. They are highly treatable. These conditions include Stroke, Varicose Veins and Cardiovascular Disease. 

Virtual School Headteacher (VSH) 

The role of a VSH is to promote the education of children and young people in care and previously in care and ensure that the local authority’s statutory duties in this area are discharged. 

Virtual School – VS 

The Virtual School is an organisational tool to enable effective coordination of educational services for Looked After Children in Lincolnshire, at a strategic and operational level. The school does not exist in real terms as a building and children do not attend; they remain the responsibility of the school at which they are enrolled. 

Voices For Choices – V4C 

V4C is the Lincolnshire children in care council for 8-17s. V4C aims to bring children and young people in care in Lincolnshire together for social activities and to have a greater say in services.  

Ward 

The primary unit of English Electoral geography for civil parishes, borough and district councils. 

Wellbeing Service 

The Wellbeing Service is designed to promote confidence in living independently for those aged 18+. Following an assessment, there are a range of services offered such as ‘hand holding’ or generic support, simple aids for daily living, minor adaptions, telecare, 24-hour alarm monitoring and signposting. 

White Paper 

White papers are policy documents produced by the Government that set out their proposals for future legislation. White Papers are often published as Command Papers and may include a draft version of a Bill that is being planned. This provides a basis for further consultation and discussion with interested or affected groups and allows final changes to be made before a Bill is formally presented to Parliament. 

Working Age Population 

The Working Age Population comprises the portion of the UK population that is the sum of those employed, unemployed or inactive, considered to be of working age. 

World Health Organisation – WHO 

The World Health Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health. It was established on 7 April 1948, headquartered in Geneva.

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Years Lived with Disability -YLD 

The number of years of what could have been a healthy life that were instead spent in states of less than full health. YLD represent non-fatal burden. 

Years Of Life Lost – YLL 

The number of years of life lost due to premature death, defined as dying before the ideal life span. YLL represent fatal burden. 

Years Of Potential Life Lost – YPLL 

Alternatively, PYLL potential years of life lost which is an estimate of the average years a person would have lived if he or she had not died prematurely. A measure of premature mortality. 

Young Expectant Parent Programme – YEP 

The YEP is a course for teenage parents to be, it is accredited through Open College Network at levels 1 and 2. The course provides support and guidance and advice to teenage parents as well as an opportunity to meet other young parents. 

Youth Caution 

Youth Cautions are a formal out-of-court disposal that can be used as an alternative to prosecution for young offenders (aged 10 to 17) in certain circumstances. A Youth Caution may be given for any offence where the young offender admits an offence, there is sufficient evidence for a realistic prospect of conviction, but it is not in the public interest to prosecute. 

Youth Conditional Caution 

A youth conditional caution allows an authorised person (usually a police officer) or a relevant prosecutor (usually a member of the CPS) to give a conditional caution with one or more conditions attached. 

Youth Justice Board – YJB 

The YJB works to prevent children and young people under-18 from offending or re-offending. They ensure custody is safe and secure and addresses the causes of an individual’s offending behaviour. 

Youth Justice System – YJS 

The YJS was set up under the Crime and Disorder Act 1998. Its aim is to prevent young people offending or re-offending. The formal YJS begins once a child or young person aged 10 or over (and under-18) has committed an offence and receives a caution or restorative solution. 

Youth Obligation 

Young people aged 18 to 21, who receive universal credit are required, since April 2017, to participate in an intensive regime of support from day one of their benefit claim. After six months they will be expected to apply for an apprenticeship or traineeship, gain work-based skills, or go on a mandatory work placement to give them the skills they need to move into sustainable employment. 

Youth Offender 

Normally offenders aged under-18, in some cases they may be 18 and remaining in the under-18 estate. They will be held in either a secure children’s home (SCH), secure training centre (STC) or a young offender institution (YOI). Typically, those aged under-15 will be held in an SCH and those over-15 will be held in either a STC or YOI. Only 17-year-old females are normally placed in a YOI for 18 and over offenders. 

Youth Offending Service – YOS 

The YOS works in partnership with criminal justice services and with services for children and young people to create safer communities and improve the well-being of young people across Lincolnshire. Their purpose is to prevent crime and reduce the fear of crime, to identify and deal effectively with young people who commit criminal offenses to reduce re-offending. 

Youth Offending Team – YOT 

The YOT work with young people that get into trouble with the police or are arrested; are charged with a crime and have to go to court; are convicted of a crime and given a sentence. Usually, the police are the first people to contact the youth offending team. 

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